International Journal of Modern Agricultural Sciences and Technology

Organic agriculture is a holistic approach to achieving long-term agricultural productivity by focusing on soil health. This study analyzes the effects of organic farming practices—such as crop rotation, cover crops, green manures, compost use, limited tillage, and avoiding synthetic fertilizers and pesticides on soil health and longterm productivity. Soil health is assessed through physical (structure, bulk density, water-holding capacity), chemical (carbon, nitrogen, available phosphorus, pH), and biological (microbial diversity, biological activity, earthworm population) indicators. The reviewed studies clearly demonstrate that organic management enhances structural stability, water conservation, and nutrient cycling by increasing soil organic matter. Increasing the richness and biodiversity of microbial communities increases soil tolerance and resilience to environmental stresses. Organic systems may yield less than conventional systems during the initial transition period, but longterm yield stability and overall productivity have been found to be comparable. Several long-term trials also indicate that organic systems positively contribute to nutrient quality and environmental services— such as carbon storage and soil erosion reduction. Although economic benefits and productivity depend on regional conditions, soil type, climate and management skills, evidence suggests that through appropriate policy support, research investment and farmer participation, organic agriculture can play an important role in building sustainable, resilient and environmentally sensitive food systems.